Many parents today turn to the internet to find answers to the question of what ADHD is. Perhaps they’ve noticed restlessness, attention problems, or forgetfulness in their child, or teachers have reported that the child has difficulty following instructions. This often gives rise to concerns, questions, and even doubts.

Before we dive into the characteristics of ADHD, it’s important to understand that ADHD doesn’t define who a child is or what their potential is. It’s a specific way the brain works that brings certain challenges, but often also some strengths.

What is ADHD?

ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

It is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of developmentally inappropriate inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that occur in various settings, last for at least 6 months, and lead to deficits in academic, social, and home environments.

ADHD represents one form of so-called neurodiversity, meaning that the brain is organized somewhat differently than in most people. More specifically, there are significant differences in the development and functioning of brain systems involved in:

• attention control,

• impulse control,

• planning,

• emotional regulation,

• energy, and motivation.

Although it is typically diagnosed before age 12, ADHD is not limited to childhood; it can accompany an individual throughout their entire life, though its manifestations may change somewhat as the person develops. More than half of individuals with ADHD also experience other challenges, such as depression, anxiety, behavioral issues, and in some cases, autism, sleep disorders, or other physical illnesses. However, many people with ADHD also possess strong creative and innovative abilities. They often think differently, notice connections between ideas more quickly, and have a unique perspective on the world.

What ADHD Is Not?

There are still many myths circulating about ADHD. That is why it is important to clearly state what ADHD is not.

ADHD is not:

• a sign of laziness,

• a lack of intelligence,

• the result of poor parenting or a lack of discipline,

• something a child simply “grows out of,”

• a fad or a transitional phase.

Furthermore, ADHD is not always associated solely with hyperactivity; rather, its manifestations vary from child to child. Some children are very restless or impulsive, while others may be calmer but have more difficulty with attention; in some, both inattention and hyperactivity are equally present.

ADHD in Children – How Can We Recognize It?

When discussing ADHD in children, experts typically distinguish three subtypes: the inattentive subtype, the hyperactive-impulsive subtype, and the combined subtype.

Inattentive Subtype

In this subtype, difficulties with attention and organization are the primary concerns. Common symptoms of ADHD include:

• difficulty sustaining attention during tasks,

• avoiding tasks that require sustained mental effort,

• acting as if the child isn’t listening even when present,

• frequently losing school supplies or other items,

• difficulty organizing tasks,

• forgetfulness in daily activities,

• daydreaming or “zoning out,”

• the child is easily distracted by what is happening around them.

Hyperactive-Impulsive Type

In this type, behavioral ADHD symptoms are more pronounced, such as:

• a constant need to move,

• fidgeting, tapping, or shifting in one’s seat,

• difficulty sitting still,

• answering before the question is finished,

• difficulty playing quietly,

• frequently interrupting others in conversation,

• difficulty waiting for one’s turn,

• a feeling of inner restlessness.\

Combined Type

In the combined type, characteristics of both types are present—both attention difficulties and hyperactivity and impulsivity.

If you recognize several of the described characteristics in your child, it makes sense to start observing them more closely and discuss them with a teacher or educator, and if necessary, with a specialist (psychiatrist, psychologist). Early understanding and support can significantly contribute to a child’s success and well-being.

In the next article, we’ll take a look at the broader picture of ADHD—how it affects thinking, emotions, and daily life, and why every child with ADHD is actually very unique.